How Is Bavarder (to Chat) Conjugated in French

The French verb  bavarder  means to chat. Its slightly less formal than  parler (to talk)  and a very useful word to add to your vocabulary. When you want to use  bavarder  in the past tense to say chatted or in the present tense for chatting, you will need to conjugate the verb. Follow this French lesson and youll be chatting in French with ease. Conjugating the French Verb  Bavarder Bavarder  is a  regular -ER verb  and it follows the standard verb conjugation patterns of similar words like  parler  (to talk)  and  dà ©clarer  (to declare). This means that once you memorize the endings for one verb, the rest will be just a little bit easier. To conjugate French verbs, we change the ending to match the subject pronoun as well as the tense. This is in contrast to English where the -ed and -ing endings are used whether were talking about I, you, or we. It makes memorizing the verbs a challenge, but it gets easier with practice and repetition. Using the chart, you can quickly find the appropriate conjugation of  bavarder. To say Im  chatting, you will use je  bavarde and we will chat is nous bavarderons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je bavarde bavarderai bavardais tu bavardes bavarderas bavardais il bavarde bavardera bavardait nous bavardons bavarderons bavardions vous bavardez bavarderez bavardiez ils bavardent bavarderont bavardaient The Present Participle of  Bavarder When you change the -er  ending of  bavarder  to -ant, you will create the  present participle  bavardant. This is used as a verb, though it can be helpful as an adjective, gerund, or noun when needed. Another  Bavarder  Past Tense Beyond the imperfect, you can also use the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  to express  bavarder  in the past tense. To do so, you need an  auxiliary verb  as well as the  past participle. For  barvarder,  avoir  is the auxiliary verb and it needs to be conjugated.  Bavardà ©Ã‚  is the past participle and it does not change as the subject does. For instance, I chatted is jai bavardà © while we chatted is nous avons bavardà ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Bavarder The following conjugations are not as common and you may or may not use them. This is particularly true of the passà © simple and the imperfect subjunctive  as both are used most often in formal writing. The other two verb forms are more common and you might find them useful in French conversations. They both imply a level of question to the action of chatting, with the subjunctive being subjective and the conditional dependent on circumstances. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je bavarde bavarderais bavardai bavardasse tu bavardes bavarderais bavardas bavardasses il bavarde bavarderait bavarda bavardt nous bavardions bavarderions bavardmes bavardassions vous bavardiez bavarderiez bavardtes bavardassiez ils bavardent bavarderaient bavardrent bavardassent The imperative may be helpful as well. This form is used for assertive and short statements such as commands and requests. When using the imperative, skip the subject pronoun and simply use the verb: bavarde rather than tu bavarde. Imperative (tu) bavarde (nous) bavardons (vous) bavardez

The Impact Of Mental Health Consulting On Suspension And...

This project will utilize a longitudinal experimental design to evaluate the impact of mental health consulting on suspension and expulsion beliefs and practices of teachers who received Teaching Pyramid training and distance coaching. Random assignment will occur at the school- or center-level, meaning that an entire school or center will be assigned to either the experimental or the control group. This study will utilize a randomized matched sample procedure to control for the effects of program variables, such as size on the outcomes of the intervention. Each center in the control group will be matched with a center in the experimental group of similar size. This design is modeled after the design adopted by Artman-Meeker et al. (2014), which was used to control for differences in teacher characteristics, management style, and resources potentially associated with the size of the center. Programs randomly selected for the control condition will not have access to a mental health c onsultant, but will still receive Teaching Pyramid training and distance coaching. At least 80% of staff members who work in the preschool or early childcare center will participate in a one-day training in August, which is described in greater detail below. The control group will complete all of the same measures as the experimental group, which are listed below in the measures section. Schools and centers randomly selected for the experimental condition will have access to a mental healthShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Preschool Teachers Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesParticipants Participants in this program are preschool teachers who teach in inclusive classrooms located in public elementary schools in Metro Nashville, Davidson County, Wilson County, and Williamson County. These school districts were selected because of their locations in both rural and urban areas. Target numbers for teacher involvement are n=100 because this is a number of participants that is often achieved in teacher professional development studies with similar designs (CITE). ParticularRead MoreMastering Graduate Studies 1e32499 Words   |  130 PagesACADEMIC INTEGRITY RESEARCH LIBRARY KNOWLEDGE SKILLS COMMUNICATION EXPECTATIONS CAREER PATH  IMPRINT Title Mastering Graduate Studies EDITION 1 CONTRIBUTORS Editor: Alexis DiVincenzo Consulting Editors: Mark Alexander, Nicole Quow-Thomason Art Direction Senior Art Director: Miranda Hildebrand Art Development and Design: Jo DeSnyder-Rolfe Permissions contact Grand Canyon University 3300 W Camelback Rd Phoenix, AZ 85017 602.639.7500 Copyright Information Grand Canyon University. All

Edm Influence Free Essays

In the last decade Electronic Dance Music, or EDM, has made a complete 180 in the United States. It has shifted from a genre that was mostly underground with few listeners into popular music. Not only has it begun to top billboards, but it has influenced artists of many other genres to â€Å"hop on the bandwagon† and begin using it in their songs as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Edm Influence or any similar topic only for you Order Now From commercials to theme songs of popular television programs, the influx of EDM can be seen throughout American society. One of the biggest changes EDM has brought to the music industry is that due to most of the artists’ knowledge of computers, not to mention the day and age we live in where we are all connected over the internet, they are able to take advantage of communicating and promoting over the internet to reach out to their fans. This allows these artists to listen to their fans and give them what they are asking for. Contrary to the EDM artists, many rock and pop artists have â€Å"used and abused them [fans], sold them overpriced CDs, tried to sell them music they didn’t like by using stupid gimmicks† (Doherty) causing them to lose their foothold on the charts and allow EDM to step right in. The influences of EDM can also be seen by looking at pop artist and the way their songs have begun using more electric beats and styles. â€Å"Katy Perry’s ‘Fireworks’ and Rihanna’s ‘Only Girl’ [were] both co-produced† (Doherty) by electro-house artists and one of Britney Spears’ newer songs, ‘Hold It Against Me,’ also included signs of dubstep. On Jay-Z and Kanye West’s collaborative album ‘Watch the Throne’ the song ‘Who Gon Stop Me’ has a sample from a very popular EDM song by Flux Pavilion called ‘I Can’t Stop. ’ The most surprising influence of EDM on an artist, however, can be placed on Taylor Swift. In her new album ‘Red’ she has a song called ‘22’ which features many electronic and upbeat rhythms in it. These are only a few of the many artists that have incorporated electronic music into their songs and in doing so helped to render EDM even more widespread and dominant in today’s music industry. EDM also has begun showing up in music festivals, on television, and in movies. â€Å"It’s artists headline huge festivals†¦ its hooks soundtrack commercials; its textures bolster movie scenes† (Doherty). The EDM music festivals have grown very popular in the last decade, Deadmau5, a famous EDM Dj, compares one of these festivals in the 90’s to one a few years ago and recalls â€Å"[there were] only about 4-5000 people, but it was huge at the time. You go out to L. A. now, to Gary Richards’ Hard parties — he gets 20-40,000. The Dj’s are bringing a visual and physical experience for the audience during these festivals by having laser shows and visual graphics appear while their music plays. Television commercials have also started to embrace this trend. Microsoft included and promoted Alex Clare’s ‘Too Close’ in their commercial for the new Internet Explorer. This commercial boosted Alex Clare’s career, before the commercial he was only known in the U. K. In a final form of media the movies have also assimilated EDM into their soundtracks. ‘Tron: Legacy’ had a soundtrack that was almost entirely devoted to EDM. Because of all this assimilations into mass media of all forms, EDM’s influence in the United States has only grown more rapidly and stronger. It seems that one cannot go a day without hearing a song under this genre; it surrounds and influences pop culture every day. Similar to rock and roll in the 1950’s, EDM has experienced demonization from parents and threats of legislation over the concern â€Å"fueled by concern over the ecstasy-related deaths. † These laws see â€Å"electronic music itself as a gateway to social degradation† (Doherty) and seek to disassemble EDM. According to Josh Glazer, editor of URB magazine, â€Å"It may cause a cooling down period, but in the end, electronic music, festivals, etc. , are simply not something that will ever be halted. There is both too much demand and too much economic incentive. † If the law were to shut down EDM then many business and individuals would be left bankrupt or jobless. Although this may seem dismal and unfair in the present, rock and roll received the same kind of â€Å"critique which now seems quaint and ridiculous. † In conclusion EDM has brought about many social and cultural effects due to the changes it created to the industry. Through its artists’ computer knowledge they have brought about a greater fan/artist connection along with allowing any aspiring artist the ability to create his/her own music just by downloading different software. Finally EDM has influenced mainstream pop artists, directors, and marketing agencies to incorporate a more electrical and up beat sound to their music, ads, or movies because it appeals to the young audiences. How to cite Edm Influence, Papers

Reflection of Incident in Community Healthcare †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Reflection of Incident in Community Healthcare. Answer: Introduction: Everyday the healthcare sector is changing and vastly evolving. Along with this evolution, the healthcare professionals working in this sector have to be evolved and competent. To increase the competency level in healthcare professional, reflective practices are frequently used as per the literature to directly understand the base of the problem (Chan 2013). The aim of reflective practice is to prepare the students studying to be healthcare professionals to learn acting and thinking professionally. According to the famous educator John Dewey, reflection is actually our learning by doing something (Price 2013). We can directly relate Deweys definition of reflection to our own understanding of critical thinking. We can interpret reflection as a process through which we witness somebodys experience and have a precise view on it. The most important aspect of reflective practice is that, it problematizes many situations regarding professional practice, with the purpose of making the situa tions as the potential learning situation. With reflective practice, the aspiring healthcare professionals learn and develops competency to face such problems later within their practice (Chung 2014). The purpose of the report is to discuss and demonstrate the importance of reflection in clinical settings. The report is based on an important and significant event from my own recollection of memory of the mental health community clinic I am working on as an enrolled nurse in New South Wales, Australia. The incident I am reflecting on can be used as a learning experience as it will show the significance of using therapeutic communication skills. Having a good communication skill is important for any nurse, especially for those working in a mental health sector (Palmer 2012). It helps the nurse to keep up with the professional code of ethics, which directs the nurses to maintain proper nurse-patient relationship. Description of the event: As it is the duty of a nurse to respect the confidentiality and protect the privacy of the patients and coworkers, I will not disclose the name of the patient and the colleague who are the central point of this incident. Therefore, I will address my patient as Jessica and address the male nurse as John. This incident happened six months earlier, when I started working as an EN (Enrolled Nurse) in a community care clinic. A patient named Jessica, a 51-year-old schizophrenic who also suffers from partial deafness and is aggressive came to the community center with her daughter to receive her weekly session with the doctor. The patient was visibly agitated and shouting when I saw her enter the community care. Her daughter does not live with her as her college is far from home. The patients condition with schizophrenia was worsening and with the consultation of her psychiatrist, her daughter has appointed two nurses to help her, as the patient needs special care sometimes during the night. When I went to the room, she started getting irritated and aggressive. She was shouting that she wants answer for the misbehave she went through last night. I was very surprised and told her that I would do everything on my capability to help her. After half an hour, she calmed down a little and expla ined the incident to me. She said, last night she approached the nurses to help her fight the demons she saw in her room. A male nurse named John shouted at her harshly and told her to return to her room. When she was returning to her room, she heard that John is mimicking her voice and telling the other nurse that Jessica is problematic. After knowing the incident, I gave her the allotted medication. Throughout the whole time she spent with me, she kept asking me to help her with the situation. I promised her that I would do my best to help her with that. After doing my duty with her, I went to the Nurse-in-charge and told her about the incident. I also asked the Nurse-in-charge that whether I should report the incident to the logbook or not. After having a discussion with her, we both decided to log this incident together and she told me that she would personally discuss it to the doctor, the accused nurse and the administration. That day, she informed me that, after reporting the incident to the administration, the management have show-caused the accused nurse and that can terminate the nurse. I went to the patient to inform her about the result of her plight. She looked happy and relieved. Thoughts and question: When Jessica informed me about the whole incident, I felt that, the whole situation she faced is horrific. She is a patient receiving care in the community care facility I work with and she deserved to be treated with respect. I was feeling very disappointed and angry because of the fact that some of the nurses have forgotten the basic ethics of this holistic profession. However, I reconsidered the truthfulness of the incident because I have personally known that accused nurse for a month and he seemed like a sweet person to me. I also considered the fact that the patient is partially deaf, because of that John might have spoke in a high voice to make his voice audible to her. I also considered the fact that the patient is suffering from schizophrenia and she might making this incident up in her head. I thought that if I report the incident and if the accused nurse is innocent, it might make a glitch in his career. However, I also thought that, it was very insensitive of the nurse as he dismissed the concern of the patient and did not assign anybody to come with her and help her sleep. He and the other nurse did not even try to know the reason why the patient was upset. I considered the worst possible outcome of the incident if the patient is telling the truth. I considered the fact that if the accusation is true, many of the patients with whom John would encounter with in future, may have to go through the same situation and the ultimate outcome of the incident might not be good. I was very disheartened by the possibility of the fact that the nurse mimicked her voice and called her a nuisance. Considering all the aspect I could have thought for, I decided to tell the Nurse-in-charge about the incident. The nurse-in-charge was supportive of the patient and I was happy to see that. The Nurse-in-charge communicated with me and discussed the whole incident vastly. As a newly appointed enrolled nurse, I was deeply touched by her gesture as gave equally importance to my remark about the incident and helped me to report the incident. She also told me that she would personally look into the incident. When I returned to the patient with the news about the accused nurse, who has been show caused because of that incident, the patient seemed happy. I was also happy about the fact that I could help the patient through such a situation and indirectly help the other patients as well in the process. I was feeling very relieved because of the fact that I could help her in this tough situation. I think this incident would also be a learning experience for the other nurse who was on the duty with John that day and she would think twice before behaving and communicating with the other patients such a way. Deconstruction: When Jessica confronted me aggressively, it was not a nice experience as she has a history of being aggressive and as I am new in the system, calming her down was hard for me. However, I remembered the holistic approach of nursing I learnt during my studies and was able to calm her down. When I confronted the patient, I talked to her calmly as I professionally realized how important it is to talk to the patient properly and as a nurse in a mental health clinic, I have to be keeping my patience to handle such patients. Nevertheless, I know that nursing is a tough job and being a mental health nurse is tougher. The patients, the mental health nurses handle, are very tough to be managed, so it is easy for any nurse to behave harshly with any of these patients (Bateman, and Fonagy 2012). This incident has been a learning experience for me as I learnt it is important to talk to all the patients very nicely as it might help them to calm down and may be their whole behavior would change tow ards the nurse. I think as a nurse my first priority would be, to behave nicely with everyone, the patients and the coworkers. When the patient started to describe the whole incident, which happened with her to me, I was left aback. I strongly feel that this kind of incident should not happen anywhere. The way the accused nurse reacted with the patient Jessica, left a bad effect on her mind. I feel the worst part about the incident was the other nurse has not confronted John about the situation and told him that his approach is wrong (Hansson et al. 2013). They did not show any support to the patient during that incident at night. The behavior of the accused nurse towards her was bad and he should not have told that she creates problem. I feel along with the accused nurse, the other nurse is also responsible for this situation as she enjoyed the mimicry. According to Stockwell, dealing with the difficult patient can be unsatisfactory for everyone as the inadequacies in nursing practice could worsen the situation (Boyd et al. 2014). When I decided to report the incident to the Nurse-in-charge, I was in a dilemma over the fact that the career of the nurse would be in danger if I report the incident. I thought about the fact that the patient is schizophrenic, so she could imagine the incident. The patient is also partially deaf, so the accused nurse might have talked loudly to make his own voice audible to the patient. However, I think I did the right thing by reporting this incident to the Nurse-in-charge. If I think of this incident as a student, I feel, this incident can be interpreted as the learning experience for any nursing students. As a nurse, I remembered every line of the work ethics I have to go through and I intent to remember it until the last day of my work. It was painful to see that my senior colleagues has forgotten about it and behaved badly with the patient. Reconstruction: From the incident, I can interpret that the nurses did not properly interacted with the patient, Jessica as when she approached the nurses there; they dismissed her and then mocked her. I can understand that the whole experience might be traumatic for her as a patient. I can understand the fact that the nurses might be busy and had a little time to listen to her problem, but it was unprofessional of them to dismiss her. The other nurse should have interacted with her to make her feel comfortable and understood. I was sad that I was not present at the situation during that shift. I think if I were present at this situation, I would have interacted with her in that condition to make her feel heard and needed. I was sad that she returned to her room while feeling belittled and upset. The NMBA standard for practice for enrolled nurses clearly states that the nurses have to form therapeutic relationship with the patients and have to ensure the dignity of the patient (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2017). I remember every part of it and I would have maintain it if I was present in that situation. The accused nurse is a registered nurse, and he breached the NMBA standard for the registered nurses. The standard 6 clearly states that all the registered nurses have to provide quality and ethical care to the patient (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2017). The accused nurse and the other ward nurses were not maintaining their ethics. The standard 2 section of the NMBA standard clearly states that the nurses have to communicate effectively with the patient and have to maintain the dignity of the patient (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2017). In this context, the nursing team did not show any compassion to the patient. I personally feel that I have the compassion and communication skills management to handle the patient during such a condition. As I confronted the patient at her worst, and I was able to calm her down, I can now say that I have the ability to handle such situation in any condition. Ramsdale and Dale (2013) explains that if there is any patient who thinks that the nurse is not paying attention to him or her is tends to lose faith to the service the nurse provides (Ramsdale, and Dale 2013). As the nurses did not paid attention to her and mocker her, the patient became very offensive towards my care and when I entered the room of the patient in the morning, she stood up defensively and started shouting. As she used the defensive posture to make me know that, she does not believe in my care (Jin-Kyoung and Suk-Won 2015). This incident has made me understand the disability of the ward nurses to make the patient as their first priority. As I calmed her down and talked with her, she became easy. I acknowledged her situation and made her feel special by listening to her. I tried to manage the situation by showing sympathy and being genuine. I believe that all the nursing staff in this facility should work on their communication skills for providing the patients with competent care (Townsend 2014). I think the communications skills should be developed for the fact that only a few of the healthcare professionals cannot maintain the quality of nursing of the complete healthcare facility. Evaluation: When I was talking with the nurse- in-charge about the patient, I came to know that the patient is receiving her treatment and counseling sessions here for only a few weeks and the nurses were assigned to continue their service at her home during the same time. I could understand that the patients problem from inside. She was alone, far away from her primary caregiver, her daughter. Moreover, she is still not comfortable with the nurses as well. The main reason of her being unheard by the other staff nurses is only the communication gap (Kourkouta, and Papathanasiou 2014) (Neese 2015). With this scenario, I came to understand about the importance of communication in nursing practice. I also understood the huge effect communication could imply to the capability of practice of a nurse as the patient rejected my presence at first she saw me. I also saw that the patient calmed down promptly when she saw that I am communicating properly with her. We, as nurses have to understand that the time, commitment of a patient is valuable, and we cannot waste it. As the NMBA standard tells us, every patient is different and has different beliefs and we need to understand it and respect it (Hemsley, Balandin and Worrall 2012). Although, in this case, the patient is schizophrenic, but the nurses should understand the fact that she is alone from home and family. Due to her schizophrenia, she is imagining demons in her room. It was among the duty of the nurses to go with her and comfort her. By communicating with her, they could have understood her problem (Bach and Grant 2015). Interacting with someone may be hard for some people but as a nurse, we have to understand the fact that, proper communication is the only way to improve our skills (Riley 2015). After the interaction with her, I have realized that Jessica has been being neglected by the nurses. According to Leadbetter and Patterson, the nurses can manage someones aggressiveness by showing empathy to the patients (Kirsebo m, Wadensten, and Hedstrm 2013). John, the accused nurse and the other nurse who were at her service did not show any respect and empathy to the patient. From this incident, I think the all the nurses in my facility should learn about the ethics related to nursing and should learn the importance of communication. They should not forget that, it is the nurses who works as a channel between the doctors, the patient and the family of the patients. Therefore, it is important that the nurses should learn how to communicate properly (Corrigan, Druss, and Perlick 2014). From this reflection, one can understand that, breaking down a communication is too easy to happen (Happell, and Gaskin 2013). As a nurse, we need to interact with people like the patients, the other nurses and the family of the patient (McCabe, and Timmins 2013). From this incident, we can learn about the effectiveness of communication. After facing Jessica, I have gained confidence about my ability to handle such a patient. When I went to the nurse-in-charge, I was pleased with her attitude as she took an immediate action for this incident. I was glad that there are a few nurses, who are still holding the holistic flag of this profession according to ethics. This type of from two registered nurses is not expected, but this incident can be a learning experience for the student nurses. Conclusion: According to Taylor, when an event is detailed, analyzed, reconstructed, deconstructed and then evaluated, all the unpicked small action is considered (Shinnick, and Woo 2013). It deliberately increases someones ability of thinking critically, which ensures safe practice for the healthcare professionals (Kong et al. 2014). The main aim of the case study was to know the importance of showing proper communication to the patient with the broader purpose of knowing the proper way of thinking critically and acting professionally (Walfish et al. 2012). I would never forget the learning I have acquired from this case study and would carry forward the learning through my nursing career. From now on, I would be more aware of the communication process when I am interacting with others and I would like to incorporate my learning to the other team members for better healthcare outcome of this facility. As the mental patients suffer a lot because of their problem, Jessica has been through hell as the incident was mentally traumatic for her. The community care facility nurses present in that interaction should have thought about that. According to Taylor, a nurse should learn thinking critically to provide the patient with safe practice (Alligood 2013). Every nurse should reflect their experience to provide the patients with safer practice. With detailed reflection and perfectly analyzed course of action, anyone can gain insight from any incident. References: Alligood, M.R., 2013.Nursing Theory-E-Book: Utilization Application. Elsevier Health Sciences. Bach, S. and Grant, A., 2015.Communication and interpersonal skills in nursing. Learning Matters. Bateman, A.W. and Fonagy, P. eds., 2012.Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice. American Psychiatric Pub. Boyd, J.E., Adler, E.P., Otilingam, P.G. and Peters, T., 2014. Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale: a multinational review.Comprehensive Psychiatry,55(1), pp.221-231. Chan, Z.C., 2013. A systematic review of critical thinking in nursing education.Nurse Education Today,33(3), pp.236-240. Chung, M.S., 2014. Relations on self-esteem, empathy and interpersonal relationship for reinforcing competence in communication of nursing students.The Journal of Korean academic society of nursing education,20(2), pp.332-340. Corrigan, P.W., Druss, B.G. and Perlick, D.A., 2014. The impact of mental illness stigma on seeking and participating in mental health care.Psychological Science in the Public Interest,15(2), pp.37-70. Hansson, L., Jormfeldt, H., Svedberg, P. and Svensson, B., 2013. Mental health professionals attitudes towards people with mental illness: Do they differ from attitudes held by people with mental illness?.International Journal of Social Psychiatry,59(1), pp.48-54. Happell, B. and Gaskin, C.J., 2013. The attitudes of undergraduate nursing students towards mental health nursing: a systematic review.Journal of Clinical Nursing,22(1-2), pp.148-158. Hemsley, B., Balandin, S. and Worrall, L., 2012. Nursing the patient with complex communication needs: time as a barrier and a facilitator to successful communication in hospital.Journal of advanced nursing,68(1), pp.116-126. Jin-Kyoung, P. and Suk-Won, H., 2015. The relationship between communication and nursing performance in simulation-based team learning.Indian Journal of Science and Technology,8(26). Kirsebom, M., Wadensten, B. and Hedstrm, M., 2013. Communication and coordination during transition of older persons between nursing homes and hospital still in need of improvement.Journal of advanced nursing,69(4), pp.886-895. Kong, L.N., Qin, B., Zhou, Y.Q., Mou, S.Y. and Gao, H.M., 2014. The effectiveness of problem-based learning on development of nursing students critical thinking: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of nursing studies,51(3), pp.458-469. Kourkouta, L. and Papathanasiou, I.V., 2014. Communication in nursing practice.Materia socio-medica,26(1), p.65. McCabe, C. and Timmins, F., 2013.Communication skills for nursing practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Neese, B., 2015. Effective communication in nursing: theory and best practices.Document posted in Southeastern University Archived at https://online. seu. edu/effective-communication-in-nursing. Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au (2017).Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Registered nurse standards for practice. [online] Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Available at: https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards/registered-nurse-standards-for-practice.aspx Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au (2017).Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Enrolled nurse standards for practice. [online] Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Available at: https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards/enrolled-nurse-standards-for-practice.aspx Palmer, J.L., 2012. Caregivers Desired Patterns of Communication with Nursing Home StaffJust TALKKK!.Journal of gerontological nursing,38(4), pp.47-54. Pope, T., 2012. How person-centered care can improve nurses attitudes to hospitalised older patients.Nursing Older People,24(1), pp.32-37. Price, B., 2013. Countering the stereotype of the unpopular patient.Nursing older people,25(6), pp.27-34. Ramsdale, E. and Dale, W., 2013. Evidence-based guidelines and quality measures in the care of older adults.Virtual Mentor,15(1), p.56. Riley, J.B., 2015.Communication in nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Shinnick, M.A. and Woo, M.A., 2013. The effect of human patient simulation on critical thinking and its predictors in prelicensure nursing students.Nurse Education Today,33(9), pp.1062-1067. Townsend, M.C., 2014.Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis. Walfish, S., McAlister, B., O'donnell, P. and Lambert, M.J., 2012. An investigation of self-assessment bias in mental health providers.Psychological Reports,110(2), pp.639-644.

Functional Area free essay sample

Children learn in many different ways, they are like little sponges that absorb everything. That’s why I keep some strategies that develop their cognitive skills. In order to keep children’s attention things around them must look interesting, so that can get their attention. It’s important to make them feel capable of doing new things, so they can be confident with themselves. I keep a strong communication with them so they know that there is someone caring so they get more interested on it. I provide them with tools they can use to discover new things. Asking and answering questions is important because that way I will know if the children are actually learning something. Competency Goal II To advance physical and intellectual competence. Functional Area 6: Communication To help children develop their communication and language I will encourage them to. Communicate with each other through activities and showing their feelings. We will write a custom essay sample on Functional Area or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I set up a dramatic play activity for children to interact with others while having fun. During closing circle time I talk to them asking open-ended questions and wait for them to answer. I also like to use songs for language development. For students whose home language is other than English I use different techniques, other songs that will be easier for them and at the same time they will be learning the new language. I also help children with delayed speech, I talk to them a lot and encourage them to participate and communicate with other children so they can improve their talking and language skills.

Learn the History of Bas-Relief Sculpture

Learn the History of Bas-Relief Sculpture A French term from the Italian basso-relievo (low relief), bas-relief (pronounced bah ree ·leef)  is a sculpture technique in which figures and/or other design elements are just barely more prominent than the (overall flat) background. Bas-relief is only one form of relief sculpture; figures created in high relief appear to be more than halfway raised from their background. Intaglio is another form of relief sculpture in which the sculpture is actually carved into material such as clay or stone. History of Bas-Relief Bas-relief is a technique as old as humankinds artistic explorations and is closely related to high relief. Some of the earliest known bas-reliefs are on the walls of caves. Petroglyphs  were treated with color, as well, which helped to accentuate  the  reliefs. Later, bas-reliefs were added to the surfaces of stone buildings constructed by ancient Egyptians and Assyrians. Relief sculptures can also be found in ancient Greek and Roman sculpture; a famous example is the Parthenon frieze featuring relief sculptures of Poseidon, Apollo, and Artemis. Major works of bas-relief were created around the world; important examples include the temple at Angkor Wat in Thailand, the Elgin Marbles, and images of the elephant, horse, bull, and lion at the Lion Capital of Asoka in India. During the Middle Ages, relief sculpture was popular in churches, with some of the most remarkable examples decorating Romanesque churches in Europe. By the time of the Renaissance, artists were experimenting with combining high and low relief. By sculpting foreground figures in high relief and backgrounds in bas-relief, artists like Donatello were able to suggest perspective. Desiderio da Settignano and Mino da Fiesole executed bas-reliefs in materials such as terracotta and marble, while Michaelangelo created higher-relief works in stone. During the 19th century, bas-relief sculpture was used to create dramatic works such as the sculpture on the Parisian Arc de Triomphe. Later, in the 20th century, reliefs were created by abstract artists. American relief sculptors drew inspiration from Italian works. During the first half of the 19th century, Americans began creating relief works on federal government buildings. Perhaps the best known American bas-relief sculptor was Erastus Dow Palmer, from Albany, New York.   Palmer had been trained as a cameo-cutter, and later created a great many relief sculptures of people and landscapes.   How Bas-Relief Is Created Bas-relief is created either by carving away material (wood, stone, ivory, jade, etc.) or adding material to the top of an otherwise smooth surface (say, strips of clay to stone).   As an example, in the photo, you can see one of Lorenzo Ghibertis (Italian, 1378-1455) panels from the East Doors (commonly known as the Gates of Paradise, thanks to a quote attributed to Michelangelo) of the Baptistery of San Giovanni. Florence, Italy. To create the bas-relief Creation of Adam and Eve, ca. 1435, Ghiberti first carved his design on a thick sheet of wax. He then fitted this with a covering of wet plaster that, once it had dried and the original wax had been melted out, made a fireproof mold into which liquid alloy was poured to recreate his bas-relief sculpture in bronze.

Deltic Timber Corporation Credit Analysis Research Paper

Deltic Timber Corporation Credit Analysis - Research Paper Example In line with this, it is recommended for the company to take up proactive strategic management options that will push its fortunes higher, especially when it comes to dealings with competitors. Currently, the company finds itself in a business environment where talks of monopoly are far from the argument. Due to this, the greatest hindrance faced by the company has been found to be that of the creation of a competitive advantage. Using a strategic management option that will make the company the focus of customers is thus the saving path for the company in years to come. Indicative with the ratios of the company given in the paper, it would be realised that the company continue to have high debt financing, which creates a decline for profit utilisation. This means that even though revenues are high, these are hardly translated into profits because of higher debts and other expenses. 1.0 Organizational Overview Listed on the New York Stock Excahnge, Deltic Timber Corporation engages i n forestry industry where its major activities include the ownership and management of timberland. The specialisation that the company gives to this venture has resulted in the useful management of 445,800 acres of timberland over the past years. As a means of gaining diversification in its core business operation, which is the ownership and management of timberland, the company also owns two sawmills and is actively involved in real estate1. This said diversification has been the main source of financial capitalisation for the company because it has always been offered the opportunity of internally funding the running of its parent operations using revenues from diversified business. Currently, the company is headquartered in El Dorado, Arkansas. The market segment of the company has largely been focused on Arkansas and north Louisiana with very limited external and international markets. This situation comes with its own advantages and disadvantages for the company but the company has largely tried to live within its means of operations. This report is thus focused on critiquing the current credit situation of the company and offer recommendations. 2.0 Corporate Segment Deltic Timber Corporation’s corporate segment is reflected in its total asset as represented in the graph below. Generally, there are four segments that the company emphasises on. These are manufacturing segment, which takes 9% of total asset, corporate business, which is responsible for 7% of total asset, real estate, which accounts for 17% of the total asset, and woodlands, which take the highest portion of 68% of total revenue2. It is important to establish that the percentage gain of total assets as given above is not a direct reflection of the percentage of focus or corporate segment that the company gives to the various segment. Rather, the figures given above are a result of the contributions of gains that the various segments make to the company’s total asset. For instan ce in the 2012 Annual Report of the company, it was established that even though manufacturing is responsible for 9% of total assets, the company actually gives higher corporate segmentation focus to that segment than it gives to real estate, which earns the company 17% of its total assets. 3.0 SWOT Analysis 3.1 Strengths The company has an effective internally generated funding policy that is motivated by the fact that there are diversifying businesses that are managed under the franchise of Deltic Timber Corporation. The company has kept a very steady rise in revenues and operating incomes, making it have a very strong competitive engagement with its key competitions. 3.2 Weaknesses The company lacks

Discuss the microbial production of non Beta lactam antibiotics Assignment

Discuss the microbial production of non Beta lactam antibiotics - Assignment Example Actinomycetes are bound with bacteria in the same class of Schizomycetes but confined to the order Actinomycetales (Kumar et al., 2005). The actinomycetes are a group of bacteria which possess many important as well as interesting features. They have substantial value as producers of antibiotics and of other therapeutically useful compounds. They exhibit various ranges of life cycles which are unique among the prokaryotes and appear to play a major role in the cycling of organic matter in the soil ecosystem (Veigaet al., 1983). Thus it holds a prominent position due to their diversity and proven ability to produce new compounds, because discovery of novel antibiotic and non-antibiotic lead molecules through microbial secondary metabolite screening is becoming increasingly important. They are unicellular likewise bacteria, but they also produce mycelium which is non septate (coenocytic) and more slender, like true bacteria they do not have distinct cell wall and their cell wall is without chitin and cellulose (commonly present in the cell wall of fungi). Unlike slimy distinct colonies of true bacteria which grow quickly on culture media actinomycetescolonies show slow gowth, show powdery consistency and firmly stick to agar surface. They produce hyphae and conidia or sporangia like fungi. Some Actinomycetes whose hyphae undergo segmentation resembles bacteria, both by morphologically and physiologically. Actinomycetes are numerous and widely distributed in soil, compost etc and are next tobacteria in abundance. Plate count estimates gives value ranging from 10^4 to 10^8 per gram of soil. They are sensitive to acidity or low pH (optimum pH range is within 6.5 to 8.0) and waterlogged soil conditions. As we go deep into the soil, the population of actinomycetesincr eases. They are aerobic (requires oxygen), heterotrophic (cannot make its own food) and mesophilic (25-30Â ºC) organisms and some

Why did the U.S. government target Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 Research Paper

Why did the U.S. government target Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 - Research Paper Example Why did the United States choose to bomb Japan, and what factors led to the targeting of these particular cities, and the consequential high loss of human life? One argument for this use of deadly force is that the United States wanted to end the war with Japan quickly, before the planned invasion which was to occur a few months later. The bombs acted as a show of strength, as well as devastating the resources of the cities that were targeting and dealing a severe blow to the morale of the Japanese people. Understanding the factors that influenced the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki is important, as the world is currently in a nuclear age, where many countries have nuclear capability but other countries do not. Additionally, understanding the behavior of the United States, and what influenced the decisions that occurred during this period is crucial, as the United States currently exists as the primary world superpower. This essay discusses the factors that drove the United States to use nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, with the focus that these attacks were focused on the nuclear weapons in Japan, rather than the citizens. How are nuclear weapons currently perceived? Nuclear weapons are extremely powerful, and have the ability to decimate cities, destroying buildings and killing people with no prior warning and no method of defense (Krieger 2003, 3) The devastation that occurred from Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Criticisms Of Ayers Logical Positivism And Logical Positivism

Criticisms Of Ayers Logical Positivism And Logical Positivism Ayer published Language, Truth Logic in 1936 when he was only 26 years of age. He was a part of the Vienna Circle; who were notoriously known for their philosophy of logical positivism. Logical positivism is a philosophical theory that holds meaningful only those non-tautological propositions that can be analyzed by the tools of logic into elementary propositions or are empirically verifiable. It therefore rejects metaphysics, theology, and sometimes ethics as meaningless  [1]  . In Language, Truth Logic, Ayer puts forth his own version of the verification principle. It is by this principle of verification in which these philosophers, including Ayer, assess whether or not propositions are meaningful. Furthermore it is by the principle of verification and the idea of the analytic-synthetic distinction in which the heart Ayers philosophy rests. Analytic propositions are propositions that are true or false in virtue of their meaning alone and synthetic propositions are proposition s that are true or false in virtue of how the world is. Ayers logical positivist position and principle of verification is faulty and unreliable as shown by many criticisms ranging from self-refuting nature of the principle of verification to the collapse of the analytic-synthetic distinction by Quine. To begin with, Ayers principle of verification goes as follows: a sentence is factually significant to any given person, if, and only if, he knows how to verify the proposition which it purports to express that is, if he knows what observations would lead him, under certain conditions, to accept the proposition as being true, or reject it as being false. If, on the other hand, the putative proposition is of such a character that the assumption of its truth, or falsehood, is consistent with any assumption whatsoever concerning the nature of his future experience, then, as far as he is concerned, it is, if not a tautology, a mere pseudo proposition. The sentence expressing it may be emotionally significant to him; but it is not literally significant.  [2]   In other words, a proposition is factually significant if it is a tautology or if it is possible to be empirically observed under conditions that would allow it to be rendered true or false. By wording it this say Ayer allows propositions such as there is oxygen on the planet Uranus to have factual significance because it could be possible under the right conditions to test that claim. However a claim such as God is omniscient does not have any factual significance and is nonsense in Ayers view, because it could never be verified due to God being outside of our experience. The same fate goes that of ethics and aesthetics by following Ayers principle of verification. By following this principle, one cannot say that the Mona Lisa is beautiful or that Murder is wrong because you cannot verify those things empirically. Also by assuming the Verification Principle it follows that scientific laws are meaningless statements, and are empty of informational content. The Verification Principle rules out all scientific laws, and therefore the whole of science. However Ayer tries to allow for such things as scientific laws by making a distinction between strong verification and weak verification. Strong verification refers to statements which are directly verifiable, that is, a statement can be shown to be correct by way of empirical observation. Weak verification refers to statements which are not directly verifiable but instead highly probable by means of empirical observation. However, the phrase highly probable introduces a sense of subjectivity. If one can allow for such things as scientific laws as meaningful due to them being highly probable then one can allow for such things as ethics as meaningful depending on whether you think the evidence at hand is enough to deem it highly probable. An additional criticism can be made here in regards to what is meant by empirically observable. By observable do we mean with the naked eye? If so, the concept of cells must then fal l to weak verification. However even if what was meant by observable allowed for such things as microscopes so that we did actually observe cells then what about the things in which we cannot observe at all such as black holes? We all believe there are such things as black holes but we cannot actually observe them but rather we observe the effects of black holes. Therefore, so to must black holes then fall to weak verification. Furthermore it is solely by seeing what follows from this principle of verification that one would desire to reject it. The greatest objection to the principle is that it is too much of a double edged sword; it cuts more good out of the world than it does bad. American philosopher and mathematician, Hilary Putnam, puts forth the argument that making a strong and weak distinction or an observational and theoretical distinction is meaningless. Putnam argues that making such a dichotomy is a problem from the start with four objections: something is referred to as observational if it is observable directly with our senses. An observation term cannot be applied to something unobservable. If this is the case, there are no observation terms. So to use the term observational in regard to anything we try to verify indirectly is in itself a mistake. The term is being applied inappropriately and the result is the conclusion of there being no observational terms. Some unobservable terms are not even theoretical and belong to neither observation terms nor theoretical terms. Some theoretical terms refer primarily to observation terms. This is to say that there is no clear distinction always. Reports of observation terms frequently contain theoretical te rms. Again he is collapsing the distinction here. A scientific theory may not contain any theoretical terms.  [3]   In conclusion Putnam states that following the previous objections there cannot be a distinction of observational (strong) and theoretical (weak) verification. A more moderate criticism to be made of Ayers principle of verification specifically comes from Karl Popper in his essay Science as falsification. One important fact to know about Popper is that Popper believed that scientific knowledge is provisional. That is to say, it is the best we can do at the moment. While Ayers principle of verification holds that meaningful statements are only those non-tautological propositions that can be analyzed by the tools of logic into elementary propositions or are empirically verifiable; Popper argues that such a method of verification is too strong a criterion for science and instead argues that the criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability, or refutability, or testability.  [4]   Instead of the method of verification being whether or not a statement is empirically observable, the method instead is whether or not it can be falsified. One should not try to confirm a theory as the logical positivists try to but one shou ld try to falsify it. Instead one should operate by a method of deductive reasoning. Popper states, Every good scientific theory is a prohibition: it forbids certain things to happen. The more a theory forbids, the better it is.  [5]   Following from Poppers theory of falsifiability, the more predictions a theory makes, the better it is. The strength of Poppers method is solely that it did not use inductive inference as the positivists method of verification did and therefore Poppers method did not accompany the philosophical problems that come with the positivists method and Poppers method, while being riddled with its own problems, did not claim statements to be meaningless but instead unscientific for the time being. Another means of criticism features Ayers principle itself is its own demise. When considering the principle of verification a question comes to mind. How is it that the principle of verification is verified? The answer cannot be. The principle cannot verify itself. We could test the principle empirically but to do so we need an independent test for meaningfulness. If we dont have an independent test for meaningfulness then we cant test the verification principle to see if the hypothesis fits the data. Therefore, nothing verifies the principle of verification. If the principle itself cannot be verified then it is of no importance. It is nothing less than self-refuting and the whole of logical positivism collapses upon itself. A popular rebuttal to this objection is that the verification principle is more of a meta-theory rather than a theory and does not need to be verified as it is on a different level than that of theories. Any theory could be called a meta-theory just by saying so and then avoid self refuting criticism. By saying a theory is above other theories and does not need verification does not make it so. This is nothing short of a bias for the principle and not true inquiry. Carrying on from this idea that the verification principle is more of a meta-theory is the rebuttal to be made by the logical positivists that argues logical positivism is a philosophy of science and not an axiomatic system that can prove itself. However while it may not be presented as an axiomatic system that can prove itself, it is still an axiom. It is an assertion of a way to determine meaning that is not able to be proved correct. The principle of verification requires other axioms to establish the criteria of experiential proof as a prior condition, and they cannot be proven experientially or otherwise either without begging the question. Therefore, the principle of verification is meaningless. One of the strongest criticisms to be made, if not the strongest criticism to be made, against Ayers logical positivism was made by W.V.O. Quine in his essay Two Dogmas of Empiricism. Quines Two Dogmas is often cited as one of the most important works of twenty century philosophy. Quine argued that testing a meaning were holistic and by holistic what is meant that you cannot test ideas alone by themselves. When one tests one idea you test every idea that is connected to that idea also. For example, if one tested a certain hypothesis and the data that returned was not that was to be expected that would not conclude that the hypothesis is false because something may have went wrong in testing the hypothesis. The method by which one is testing may itself be flawed and not the hypothesis. However we assume that the methods by which we are testing by are correct. These assumptions could very well be incorrect and not the hypothesis. One might argue that we can then test these assumed idea s that we have but there is no practical way that we could test all of our assumed ideas that we have while testing a hypothesis without running into an infinite regress. Quine argues that there is no scientific way to make sense of the analytic-synthetic distinction and this is the first of the two dogmas. If Quine is correct in this holism then we also test our analytic belief. However analytic beliefs are supposed to be immune from empirical testing according to Ayer! Quine argues that we have a web of beliefs in which all of our beliefs make contact with the world through experience which is to say our analytic beliefs are indeed subject to falsification. For example when testing a hypothesis such as Grass is green, we are not just testing that, we are testing everything that this idea is connected to. If it turns out that grass is not green we might revise one of our other hypotheses such as are our eyes working properly or are we looking at grass. Even analytic beliefs may be revised as such has happened in modern physics with quantum physics and non-Euclidean geometry. It is not impossible to revise our analytic beliefs and if we are testing these and they are not true by definition and are by experience then the analytic-synthetic distinction collapses which is fatal for logical positivists such as Ayer. To summarize, as a logical positivist, Ayer held to a principle of verification that stated a proposition is factually significant if and only if it is a tautology or if it is possible to be empirically observed under conditions that would allow it to be rendered true or false. This principle of verification is not only an impractical philosophy to follow due to its renouncement of ethics, aesthetics and science but it is also a self-refuting one due to the principle of verification being unable to be verified and not being a tautology. It is because of these reasons that Ayers principle of verification and logical positivism as a whole be rejected.

Reactions to Death in Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying :: Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying

Reactions to Death in Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying Eventhough As I lay Dying is a story revolved around the death of a mother, Addie Bundren, the true content of the story develops from information given to the audience through a multitude of narrators. The relationship between each family member and their association with Addie's death differentiates from person to person. Through her husband, Anse, we are introduced to his philosophy that man should keep stationary. Anse explains, "The lord put roads for travelling; why he laid them down flat on the Earth. When he aims for something to be always a-moving, he makes it long ways, like a road or a horse or a wagon, but when he aims for something to stay put, He makes it up and down ways, like a tree or a man" (24). In comparing a tree to a man, Anse feels that eventhough alive, man was not created to move about. This idea exhibits a lack of suspense within Anse, which may or may not have been Annie's desire to have an affair which lead to the birth of her child Jewel. Interestingly, A nse contradicts his own beliefs to fullfill his wife's wishes to be layed to rest next to her own family. This act can also be seen as selfish when Anse really desires a new set of teeth. Other narrators's ideas on life are presented through the death of Annie. For example, DArl represents seperation from the rest of the world. Riding with Jewel, DArl suggests that, "It takes two people to make you, and one people to die. That's how the world is going to end" (27). In this thought, Darl explains that even though a person is created by the life of two people, in the end, that life will die on its own. The fact that Darl is so open to talk about his surety of Annie's approaching death, distinguishes him from Jewel or Dewy Dell, who cannot speak about it. Darl therefore is an outcast of the family, which is later explained by his participation in the war. By writing As I Lay Dying through the thoughts of a variety of narrators, William

Experience & self awareness Essay

In addition to my work experience, I have strong communication, customer service, office, and administrative skills and understand with the education theory from some of my modules I completed and have so much passion for the hospitality/tourism field. I am more than happy to learn new skills as this will help me gain experience for my future career and would be thrilled to work for a successful firm like Holiday Inn. Furthermore I can assure you my service will be of benefit ,I certainly look forward to hearing back from you soon. 1. Kathy lacked sufficient emotional intelligence to be effective in her new project manager assignment by Self awareness: Kathy had a deep understanding of her strength not her weakness to have time to talk to her staff. There was also lack of empathy as she failed to have the â€Å"ability to recognise the feelings and expectations of others and take them into consideration† as they were also local residents. Poor relationship with the staff resulted to â€Å"a campaign of passive resistance to her leadership†. 2. The element she exhibit successfully were: †¢Motivation: although the project became quickly bogged due to poor performance she still managed to motivate herself and â€Å"pushed her team hard†. Also by settling goals for staff and senior members of the project to â€Å"work long hours† to accomplish important milestones in order to complete the assignment. B. Main methods of communication include: Verbal communication either through sound, work or speaking to other members of the project or recorded clips of the senior members. Also Written communication either emailing or letters with the use of computers and internet for emails. In addition visual communication through graphs from excel or video clips on YouTube or television therefore contributing to the IT and applications. C. 5 Traits of emotional intelligence me: Self awareness: In high school was given a presentation on Kidneys, a sensitive topic managed to trust my intuition& took control of my emotions as that was my weakness. Self regulation: one of my cousins used my bag without asking, i had to think of how I was going to talk to them instead of fighting. Motivation: When given 2 or more assignments during college treated myself if i finished a day before the deadline& the days increased as the year progressed. Empathy: when my friend lost her job& i had just got a job I helped her with some of her bills as I had been in a similar situation before. Social skills: I managed to build a good relationship with my new workmates as well as maintaining one with my friends and family.

Then and Now Essays

Then and Now Essays Then and Now Essay Then and Now Essay Now and Then Interview â€Å"Times sure have changed† is a quote that comes to mind when thinking of the different between being an adolescent today compared to being an adolescent sixty years ago. To find out more about the differences I was able to speak with a male, currently age 82, and a female age 18. I am familiar with both of these individuals one, a close friend of the family, and my cousin’s daughter was able to answer some questions for me also. These two people both grew up in the United States. The eighty-two year old lived in Kentucky as an adolescent. The eighteen year old currently resides in Arkansas. Times have changed and I learned a little about just how much in speaking with my willing participants. These two people from such different times in this country taught me quite a bit about how things are different than they were sixty years ago. When speaking with the elderly gentleman I found he spoke of his adolescents as a working time in his life. He wasn’t able to attend high school because World War II started. His father owned a saw mill and needed help making railroad ties for the government. He gave up going to school for working six days a week, 10 hour days in the saw mill, in addition to the home chores he had to do before and after work to help keep his household going. This compares drastically to the current adolescent I spoke to. Things are much different today in age than they were back then. The adolescent of today is graduating high school this month, where she was able to take medical classes along with her college prep classes. This subject works 25-30 hours per week at a local fast food restaurant, but by her own choice. One major difference between these two besides the importance of education is that the eighty-two year old did not get paid a wage to work 50 hours a week. He worked to help out his family, not to earn a wage. This gentleman was content to be given enough money to go the movies most weekends. He didn’t expect to receive a paycheck for the work he did. In speaking with the elderly individual I didn’t get a feeling that working at such a young age adversely affected his vocational identity. He worked because it was what he had to do. Working from such a young age in his home doing mandatory chores, and additionally having to work outside the home to help his father gave him a strong work ethic. Even though he is retired, this gentleman still lives alone, owns three vehicles, which he does all basic maintenance himself. Reading from the text book on page 419, the author makes it seem that working at a young age can harm an adolescent. This goes against my personal beliefs and what I found in doing these interviews, going to school and working helped both of my interview subjects, and from my own personal experience, it gave even me a better sense of responsibility and expectation for becoming an adult. From questions about school and job situations I moved into asking these individuals about the relationships they have or had with their parents. Neither subject spoke of conflicts with their parents. They both shared that their parents trust them to make correct decisions. The elderly man shared that his community was small, so his parents would warn that if he did something wrong it would get back to them. He claimed that he and his siblings knew to â€Å"just be a good citizen,† and if they did something wrong not only would their parents find out, but neighbors would correct them verbally if they were found to do something inappropriate, â€Å"it was a neighborhood kind of thing. When speaking to the current adolescent she shared that her household rules include only a curfew, dressing appropriately, not being allowed to be home alone with her boyfriend, or have him in her bedroom. Other than not being permitted to do drugs or alcohol, she said her father doesn’t place as many restrictions on her because he knows he can trust her to make good decisions. It seems both people were able to gain the trust and re spect of their parents by the time they were adolescence, keeping the conflict that can arise to a minimum. From conflicts in the home we spoke about what types of activities they do/did in their free time. This doesn’t seem to have changed much over the years. Both said they would just hang out with their friends wherever they were able to. Sixty years ago it was more outside and at Church. Today with transportation being easier things have shifted some to being â€Å"at each other’s houses, going to the mall, (we go to) Wal-Mart a lot. † Per the conversation I had with the youth of today. Though the locations are different, the time spent is similar enough. Peer selection was based on who they went to school or Church with, who was around them on a regular basis to gain that friendship with. I did notice that the current teenager shared she has had several boyfriends, where the elderly man advised he didn’t have a girlfriend until he was able to get a car of his own, which wasn’t until he was in his 20’s. This makes it appear that transportation makes dating easier. Though, he did share that walking a girl home from Church â€Å"was special. The actions are different from sixty years ago to today when adolescents spend free time with each other, but that’s to be expected with transportation and the amount of activities available increasing with technology. In closing, I found that both interview subjects were helpful in showing how the experience of being an adolescent has changed from sixty years ago to today. People still react to the environment around them. If a child is raised in a home where work is ex pected and no other option is given, they will most likely become a hard worker. Gender roles have changed and both people I spoke with mentioned something about how things are different now for women. It used to be women took care of the household, so when the eighty-two year old got married he expected his wife to stay home and take care of the house as his mother had. When she got a part time job after their kids were in school, he was upset by it, but allowed it. The young lady I spoke to provides money to her father for her vehicle payment, for her use of a cellular phone, and to help pay for their cable bill. She plans to attend college and become a teacher, which is the career she has chosen for herself. This is something she will expect any future spouse to be accepting of. Times have changed, and the roles men and women play have changed also. I learned more than I thought I would, but also found that some things haven’t changed, and I hope they never do. References Berger, K. S. (2008). The developing person through the life span, 7th edition. New York, NY: Worth, P, 416-425. Lambert, A. (2010, April 27). Telephone interview. Picklesimer, E. (2010, May 1). Telephone interview.

Essay on Morality Research of Moral Pluralism Based on 3 Principles

Essay on Morality Research of Moral Pluralism Based on 3 Principles The greatest gift of human rationality is morality. The establishment of morality is based on the recognition that every human has a general set of basic needs to lead a life free of physical and psychological suffering. In Moral Relativism, Moral Diversity and Human Rights, James Kellenberger addresses different sorts of theories of morality, such as moral absolutism, moral pluralism, and moral relativism. Before I take any position on the issues raised by the differences between these various approaches, I need to offer a definition of morality. Morality, in the context of these different kinds of theories, can be defined only descriptively in relation to its purpose and to its function. Metaphysical questions such as Is morality an absolute truth? (which are not in the scope of this essay) are in fact, beyond comprehension by mere reasoning and argumentation. People can only try to provide different answers based on their own assumptions, faiths, experiences and intuitions. Thus, morality, in the most practical sense, is a tool or way of life used to promote the common good of human beings and eliminate harmful actions that bring negative consequences in life, goals based on the principle of reciprocity and empathy, and a set of universally recognized human needs and capabilities. In line with such grounding, I find that among different types of moral theories, moral pluralism can best serve the universal needs and well being of human kind. Pluralism recognizes that there is a plurality of moral points of view, and affirms that, among many moral points of view, no one is clearly superior to another. Yet, it insists on a certain set of context-independent values and an objectivity in judging value conflicts that is not determined by groups conventions or individual attitudes. However, the pluralistic nature of this theory and the fact that no complete objectivity is possible could be sources of its fallacies when it is put into practice. No one can be completely objective in their judgments because every human being possesses different perceptions and principles of life that contribute to personal bias. Thus, to avoid these possible sources of error, moral pluralism needs to be governed by three principles: 1) an unambiguous categorization of moral values, 2) the establishment of a minimalist common ground, and 3) a flexibility with regard to the prioritization of moral values. A clear and unambiguous categorization of values that are strictly moral in nature is essential as the founding basis of moral pluralism. Moral values should be strictly distinguished from other categories of values such as cultural norms or community values. Moral values, in their essence, should be geared only towards the goal of fulfilling universal needs of well being that are not governed by cultural practices or norms. For example, the prohibition against arbitrary killing can safely be categorized as a moral value. However, values such as that women are supposed to wear dresses can only be categorized as cultural norms. Even socio-political values like unity and collectivity are only conventional and cannot be strictly termed as moral values. The lack of strict categorization of moral values, I believe, is one of the biggest problems to be resolved even before the debates between different moral theories can continue. One common flaw among several forms of moral relativism is the failure to draw such clear distinctions between different categories of values. For instance, conventionalist relativism claims that secondary values are considered as relative and are dependent on conventions or social norms. In this context, secondary values are no longer strictly moral, but adulterated by other categories of values which are non-moral. Similarly, perspectivist relativism proposes that primary values have associated benefits and harms' that may be physiological (e.g., food and nature), psychological (e.g., love and humiliation), and social (e.g., respect and exploitation). It is easy to see that there are very blurry lines between physiological needs, social values, and moral values. In Problems of Moral Philosophy, Ralph Barton Perry addresses the phenomenon of arbitrary categorization of values by pointing out a distinction between the question: What does value mean? and the question: What things have value? Analogously, the statement that peace is a condition in which societies abstain from the use of violence in settling their disputes is different from the statement that the world is (or is not) now at peace. Too often, because of such an ambiguity in distinguishing the nuances between definitions, cultural beliefs and physical needs are arbitrarily lumped into subcategories of moral values. Equivocal overlapping of cultural values, community values, and moral values only jeopardizes the applicability of moral pluralism. Such a failure encourages abuse of the theory to justify actions for pure individual interests or social conventions. For example, in Jordan, women are tortured in the name of committing immoral acts when they are found to be talking to male strangers, even though the action of talking to male stranger could be intrinsically non-moral. Thus, it is important to draw a clear boundary between pluralistic moral values and other categories of values, such as cultural pluralism or religious pluralism. The establishment of a minimalist common ground is another important principle in the application of moral pluralism. A minimalist common ground requires that ethics be reduced to its most basic elements, those that are required for every human to behave ethically. Such a methodology is crucial especially in response to a pluralist society today. Before I further reinforce my claim, it is important to recognize a limit of the theory of minimalist ethics. One of the possible fallacies of minimalist ethics is that it implies that an action is ethical as long as it does not hurt anybody. The simplistic and consequentialist nature of this school of ethics provides loopholes for actions done for pure self-interest that indirectly bring negative consequences for others. Thus, the minimalist approach should only be interpreted as a methodology, not as a moral guidance. It is imperative that the minimalist ground should not be manipulated as the sole justification for all kinds of actions. How should a minimalist common ground be established to reinforce the applicability of moral pluralism? We should recognize that no single individual or group has precisely the same perception of truth and reality due to the differences in religious faith, personal experience and other factors. Just as cognitive relativism embraces moral relativism, cognitive diversity promotes different applications of moral values. In moral pluralism, the stress on certain context-independent values requires a certain level of cognitive agreement. To achieve such an agreement, it is pertinent to use a minimalist approach to establish a limit to the scope of acceptable moral grounds among diverse cultures. Such a limit signifies the line between ungrounded perspective (such as superstitions) and rational logic that is based on empirical examination and truths. The truths that are derived empirically, when combined with rationality and universally recognized moral values, form a solid minimalist grou ndwork. William James, a modern advocate of pragmatism, synthesizes the best elements of Empiricism and Idealism. He opposes the prevailing notion of his academic colleagues that only scientific methods can lead to an understanding of the human condition, yet, criticizes any extreme reliance on logic as the sole basis of philosophical truth. In line with his philosophy, the powerful combination of empirical truth and philosophical logic excludes ungrounded practices that are against common humanity. For example, in Southern Sudan, the practice of sacrificing the spear master by the Dinkas became completely unjustified when the tribe survived after the practice was outlawed. Thus, cognitive or cultural perceptions, which deviate from the examined truth and accepted rationality, should be excluded from the common ground. Apart from that, to ensure moral progress, the common ground requires that context-independent values not only supercede cultural practices, but also serve to reform the culture itself. Such a purpose should not be misunderstood as a form of ethnocentrism, which is the point of view that ones own way of life is to be preferred to all others. As John Kekes explains, for pluralism, moral progress occurs with a closer approximation of valued possibilities not just for one particular point of view but for humanity as a whole. Thus, in conclusion, moral pluralism needs a realistic common ground that is based on human beings basic needs, rationality and empirically examined truth. A flexibility with regard to the prioritization of moral values is another principle that should be emphasized to ensure that the goal of the common good be achieved. In Morality, Diversity and Human Rights, Kellenberger explains, For monismtheres only one and only one true ranking. For pluralism, there is a plurality of reasonable rankings in the light of different equally reasonable conceptions of good life. Thus, values that are prioritized in moral pluralism should be distinguished from the pre-established overriding values in moral absolutism or moral monism. The central claim of moral pluralism that there is not a single moral value that is superior to others, should not be seem as justifying the claim that there is no possibility of assigning priority among different moral values according to different contexts. The prioritization of moral values requires an ability to perceive the greatest good and act wisely. Admittedly, such an approach tends to borrow a shade of pragmatism the doctrine that a statement is true and meaningful according to the practical results that would be experienced if that statement were acted upon. However, it is important to recognize that such a flexibility should not be equalized with the extreme form of pragmatism, which normally involves an attempt to wipe out the distinction between different kinds of truths. For a pragmatist, an action is not true because it corresponds to reality; therefore, there is no need to worry what sort of reality that makes that action the right one to perform. Moral pluralism has its metaphysical forms and does not deny the distinction between objective reality and ultimate reality. A flexibility in prioritizing moral values is an antidote of the Kantian principle of the absolute moral law or the assumption of an absolute moral law. The French  utilitarian Benjamin Constant asks Kant to consider whether, in Kants mind, it would not be right to lie to a murderer who asks whether ones friend, who he means to kill, is hiding in ones house. Kant sticks with his opinion and responds that To be truthful (honest) in all declarations, therefore, is a sacred and absolutely commanding decree of reason, limited by no expediency,16 including human life. Such an over-rigid adherence to a single moral  value. Truthfulness defeats the whole purpose of  morality to promote good and eliminate evil. In Absolutism and Its Consequentialist Critics, Joram Graf Haber holds the position that one should be truthful to the murderer under whatsoever circumstances. He argues: If by telling a lie you have prevented murder, you have made yourself legally responsible for all the conseq uences; but if you have held vigorously to the truth, public justice can lay no hand on you, whatever the unforeseen circumstances may be. To me, it is not reasonable to cause an atrocity simply to avoid public responsibility. In fact, to achieve the greater good, it is justified that an individual ould prioritize his or her responsibilities to prevent inhumane acts and protect the good (innocence), with due consideration of the risks and possible consequences. It is important to make a clear distinction between the concept of the greater good, as employed in this theory of ethics, and that of the same term in utilitarianism. In utilitarianism, no actions are intrinsically right or wrong as long as the goal of an action is to achieve the greatest happiness. John Stuart Mill, in Utilitarianism, says, The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. In the concept of prioritizing moral values, one important basis is preserving the goodness and eliminating the evil. Happiness or pleasure is not the sole and ultimate motivation of action. In conclusion, moral pluralism stands out among all types of moral theories presented by Kellenberger. Understanding Kants concept that we will never be able to see the noumena but can only base our principles upon phenomena, I refuse to embrace moral absolutism. This theory leaves the question of what absolute moral command is founded on open and unanswered. Yet, the nature of moral relativism as over-tolerating (all perspectives are equally valid), makes it unrealistic and dysfunctional in reaching the goal of the common good of human kind. This theory denies the fact that judgements are crucial in ensuring social order and harmony. Among all categorizations of moral theories, only moral pluralisms reasonable balance of objectivity, diversity and universality ensures its survival in different cultural, social and spiritual contexts. However, there are still some possible sources of error when moral pluralism is applied in daily life, such as the impossibility of claiming total obje ctivity and the lack of a clear categorization of values that are intrinsically moral. Thus, the three principles proposed above, namely, the unambiguous categorization of moral values, the establishment of a minimalist common ground, and a flexibility with regard to the prioritizing of moral values, must be understood and integrated, to increase the applicability and universality of moral pluralism.

Ann Arbor Probation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ann Arbor Probation - Essay Example Due to this department being a state agency it reports directly to the governor and as a result, is indirectly influenced by citizen voters. This influence, fortunately, does not affect the day to day workings of the probation department. Management of the field operations administration falls directly on the correctional facilities management administration and then back to the director’s office. The political aspects rarely directly affect the workings of the probation department in this respect. The strengths of a tall hierarchy as seen in our local probation department is that they have the full power of the state of Michigan supporting their decisions and a clear chain of command allowing for a much better approach regarding efficiency. The weaknesses would originate from the political side and could potentially cause disruptions in service if allowed to directly affect the daily working of the department itself. Given the insulating effect of multiple layers of structure, the political leadership is, however, hampered in its ability to truly affect change at a base level within the organization itself. Would it be possible for this agency to move to a flat hierarchy and still maintain positive control of the daily workings within the department, the short answer would seem to be no. However, if the flat hierarchy was approached with a private mentality looking to a profit based outlay the possibilities begin to open up. For instance, using a flat hierarchy and a profit based structure for employees and management one could potentially prevent loss of command control through the use of financial motivation among the staff and individuals working there. The idea would be to base bonuses on a net profit/loss approach and drive productivity to reflect a desire for additional money.

Organized Crime Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Organized Crime - Assignment Example The criminal organization is also known as underworld, mob or crime syndicate. This research paper would not only highlight different aspects of organized crime but shall even reflect upon the importance of waterways or ports. Organized crime is a specific category of crime and is highly distinguishable from financial crimes, white-collar crimes, war crimes, treason, state crimes and political crimes. There are measures being undertaken to safeguard countries from such organized crimes but support from higher authorities tends to increase the frequency of organized crime. Illegal drugs are transported through ports or waterways which forms an integral part of organized crime. High-profit margins are secured through transportation of drugs to various locations. On the other hand, illegal ammunition is also transported through waterways. This, in turn, enhances the strength of criminals and increases adverse impacts created by organized crime. Decreased level of inspection has facilita ted vulnerability of ports. Spatial characteristics and physical layout of ports are highly challenging in terms of law enforcement. The research aim of a study sets forth the purpose of any particular research study. This paper would aim at analyzing the significance of waterways or ports in organized crime. Waterways are always considered to be an ideal medium through which goods or services are transported to different locations. However, this form of transportation medium holds a great deal of significance within organized crime. Illegal activities are easily executed with the support of these mediums. Corruption or smuggling are vital components of organized crime and is exhibited with the support of waterways or ports. Research objectives for this study are – Thesis statement of the research study is – â€Å"ways in which organized crime operates in waterways and port areas.† This statement forms the basis of any research study and outcomes are based on th is thesis statement.

Financial data analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Financial data analysis - Essay Example Likewise tools to predict the stock price of the companies, there are certain tools which specifically used to predict the price of a region or a city (Carcello J et al., 2010). The prices pertain to the Wheat Kansas is comparatively higher than that of the Wheat No. 2 Soft Red in almost all the time period. Lots of fluctuation has been found among the prices of both of the prices of the wheat. The average price of Wheat 2, Soft Red is $ 630.48 while the average price of Hard Kansas is $ 860.054. The average price movement for Soft Red Wheat is -0.10744% while the average movement of Hard Kansas is -0.07618. Standard Deviation which is one of the most important things from the aspect of finance and statistics is also applied on the same. From the analysis, it is found that the deviation from the mean for Red Wheat is 4.51%, while it is 3.45% for Hard Kansas. It means that the price of Hard Kansas is comparatively less risky than that of Red Wheat in total. Every organisation runs for the sake of economic profit and to do the same, different actions and strategies would certainly take into consideration. Organisations are of different kinds and there would be different strategies would be applied for enhancing the revenue of the companies (Borodovsky & Gogarten, 2010). Economic downturns and external pressures are always difficult for the companies as a whole because it relates to both short and long term economic prosperity of the companies as a whole. From last few years, the stance of organisations and its productivity are quite blurred merely because of the economic crisis and high external pressure were on a higher side at that time. Finance is a big field, in which there are number of things present and everything has its own importance and significance. There are certain things that come under the ambit of finance and among them; the name of forecasting is one of

Trying to Understand Catch 22 by Joseph Heller Essay Example for Free

Trying to Understand Catch 22 by Joseph Heller Essay Catch 22 is a satirical war novel that was written in the 1950’s, but was published in 1961. Joseph Heller, the American author, was known for his novels to represent a comic vision of modern society with serious moral connections. His major theme throughout his writing is the conflict that occurs when individuals interact with such powerful institutions, such as: corporations, the military, and the government. Catch 22 was written in the post modernism era of the literature timeline. In the 1950’s, the Korean War was beginning, World War II ended, and Castro became the dictator of Cuba. All of these events had an influence on Heller as he was writing this novel about the WWII bombardier, Yossarian, and his struggle to stay sane with bombs bursting all around him. Chapter 1: The Texan * Summary: Yossarian is hiding from the war in a hospital ward with a â€Å"liver disease† when he meets Dunbar, the bigoted Texan, and the soldier in white. * The Texan: an obnoxious patient that annoys all the patients in the ward and talks to the soldier in white all the time. * â€Å"You fellas are crazy† (Heller 11) Chapter 2: Clevinger * Summary: Yossarian is paranoid about the crazy people in the camp: Havermeyer, McWatt, Orr, and Nately; but, Clevinger insists Yossarian is the crazy one and Doc Daneeka cannot and will not release him because Cathcart raised the missions yet again. * Clevinger: An ingenious Harvard graduate who is the first to call Yossarian crazy. He is picked on in cadet training by lieutenant Scheisskopf, who brings him up on contrived charges before the action board. He is presumed dead when his plane crashes. * â€Å"Who’s they?.. Who, specifically, do you think is trying to murder you?† (Heller 17) Chapter 3: Havermeyer * Summary: Yossarian is accompanied by a dead soldier in his tent (Mudd), Orr, and Hungry Joe who are driving him crazy, but Doc Daneeka still refuses to diagnose Yossarian as crazy in order to send him home; telling him he needs be more like Havermeyer. * Havermeyer: The best bombardier in the whole squadron. He loves peanut brittle, never misses a target, and never takes evasive action. Doc Daneeka told Yossarian to become more like Havermeyer. * â€Å" Chapter 4: Doc Daneeka * Summary: Yossarian argues with Hungry Joe, trying to explain that he is the crazy one, when Doc Daneeka begins to ponder why he of all the doctors was forced to deal with these babbling buffoons. * Doc Daneeka: A flight surgeon who resents his position and is bitter about the war taking away his practice in the states. Doc Daneeka is the one who explains catch 22. He is afraid to fly, so has McWatt sign his name. McWatt’s plane crashed, and people believed he was dead. * â€Å"I’m not on the plane.† (Heller 339) Chapter 5: Chief White Halfoat * Summary: Doc Daneeka was yearning for his practice back home and explains to Yossarian that catch 22 prevents him from grounding him when Chief White Halfoat enters the tent to begin telling stories of before the war; expressing his hate for the white men that kicked him and his family from home to home because of the unearthing of oil. * Chief White Halfoat: A Native American chief is the intelligence officer. He despises white men for kicking him off his home settlements and claims he will die of pneumonia, and he jokingly says he will slit his throat. Chapter 6: Hungry Joe * Summary: Hungry Joe had his way with the prostitutes in Rome, had flown the most missions in the in the whole squadron, and had horrible nightmares resulting with bone chilling screams, but Doc Daneeka, despite Yossarian’s despondent pleas, could not even declare Hungry Joe as crazy thanks to catch 22. * Hungry Joe: Hungry Joe is the soldier with the most missions flown in the entire squadron, but his orders to return home never come. He has horrible nightmares that cause him to scream in horror, however, he is very good with the whores in Rome. He dies one night in his sleep because Huple’s cat suffocated him. Chapter 7: McWatt * Summary: McWatt is Yossarian’s pilot whose bed sheet was stolen by Milo Minderbender, the new mess officer that is involved in black market deals and Yossarian becomes his new friend that he confides in about these actions. * McWatt: McWatt is a cheerful pilot who often flies Yossarian’s planes, but he likes to joke around a lot, such as buzzing the beaches. One day sliced Kid Sampson in half, and flew into a mountain immediately afterwards. Chapter 8: Lieutenant Scheisskopf * Summary: Yossarian has an affair with Lieutenant Scheisskopf’s wife, but he is too obsessed with trying to beat Clevinger in the weekly parades and finally wins two years in a row; ending Scheisskopf’s precious parades. * Lieutenant Scheisskopf: Lieutenant Scheisskopf was the colonel that trained Yossarian’s squadron in America and is fascinated with the military parades, and later on, he is promoted to general due to a misunderstanding of memos by General Peckem. Chapter 9: Major Major Major Major * Summary: Major is a man who was promoted to squadron commander, but rather than helping his reputation, it made him resort to being a recluse; until Yossarian tackled him in the woods. * Major Major: Major Major is very shy, awkward, and submissive. He resembles Henry Fonda and was promoted to squadron commander, which made the soldiers loathe him, causing him to become reclusive and distancing himself from the others. Chapter 10: Wintergreen * Summary: Yossarian tells ex-P.F.C. Wintergreen, a loser forced to dig punishment holes for going AWOL, about Clevenger’s disappearance, and Dr. Stubbs snickers at the fact everyone sees Yossarian as crazy because he may be the last one in the camp that is sane. * Wintergreen: Ex- P.F.C. Wintergreen was a mail clerk at the Air Force Headquarters, but Wintergreen refuses to go to work; resulting in his rank being stripped and digging punishment hole. Chapter 11: Captain Black * Summary: Major Major was chosen as the new squadron commander over Captain Black, and Captain Black created the Glorious Loyalty Oath Crusade to make all the men miserable until Major de Coverley returns and puts an end to the crusade. * Captain Black: Captain Black is the squadron’s intelligence officer, but he longs to become the squadron commander. He adores watching his men suffer and taunts them just to be a jerk. Chapter 12: Bologna * Summary: Yossarian moves the bomb line on the map over night to avoid the mission to Bologna and results with General Peckem receiving a medal, the men getting drunk, stealing a car, and Clevenger returning back to the camp; fussing at the men when the stolen car flips. Chapter 13: Major de Coverley * Summary: Major de Coverley rents apartments for all the enlisted men and officers to retreat to when on leave and has a transparent eye patch, but Yossarian’s team that went to bomb the bridge in Bologna all missed their target; resulting in a second trip that has to be covered up. * Major de Coverley: Everyone idolizes and fears Major de Coverly. He also rents apartments for men on their rest leaves. Chapter 14: Kid Sampson * Summary: Yossarian ordered Kid Sampson to turn the plane around in Bologna because of a â€Å"defective intercom,† and when they return safely back to base, Yossarian sneaks away to the beach for a nap when he realizes that the planes that were his companions left once more. * Kid Sampson: Kid Sampson was a pilot in Yossarian’s squadron. He was sliced in half on the beach as a result of McWatt’s reckless flying. Chapter 15: Piltchard and Wren * Summary: Following Captains Piltchard and Wren request that no one decides to leave the mission for no reason, Yossarian begins to panic over Bologna because of the flack and tells McWatt to drop the bomb and leave as fast as he could when he noticed his fellow planes were missing, but when he returned home, he finds missing his comrades, begins to feel relieved, and leaves to Rome to find Luciana. * Piltchard and Wren: Captain Piltchard and Captain Wren are the joint squadron operation officers. They love to fly missions. Chapter 16: Luciana * Summary: Luciana was a whore in Rome that mooched off of Yossarian, a man jealous of the women magnet, Aarfy, and Coronel Cathcart raised the missions again to 40. * Luciana: A beautiful young girl that lives in Rome. She and Yossarian have an affair, and he impulsively asks her to marry him. Instead of saying yes, she gives him her address, and Yossarian rips it up and regrets it later. * â€Å"You don’t want to sleep with me?† (Heller 154) Chapter 17: The Soldier in White * Summary: Yossarian returns to the hospital once again to seek a safe haven from the brutality of the war when he encounters the soldier in white, a helpless body encased in white gauze, but Dunbar, maddened by malaria, creates a ruckus about the sheathed soldier. * The Soldier in White: The soldier in white is a broken soldier who is encased in a full body cast. The nurses must do everything for him, and Dunbar makes a huge commotion over him. Chapter 18: The Soldier Who Saw Everything * Summary: The hospital staff are irritated because there is nothing wrong with Yossarian because he is faking his liver condition, but one day another soldier claims he is seeing doubles; giving Yossarian the idea to copy his illness. Chapter 19: Coronel Cathcart * Summary: Colonel Cathcart will do anything to become general and wants to be famous (mentioned in newspaper), so he calls in the chaplain to â€Å"pray† without bringing religion into the act to make him famous. The chaplain tells Coronel Cathcart the missions are beginning to reach a ridiculous height. * Colonel Cathcart: Coronal Cathcart is the commanding colonel who yearns to be general. Colonel Cathcart is the main antagonist of the novel because he volunteers his men for dangerous missions and constantly raises the number of missions needed to be dismissed. * â€Å"He’s the best damned bombardier we’ve got.† (Heller 29) Chapter 20: Corporal Whitcomb * Summary: Corporal Whitcomb talked to a CID man, who was investigating the big â€Å"Washington Irving† scandal, and blames the chaplain of signing â€Å"Washington Irving† on some of the censored letters and documents and stealing Coronel Cathcart’s plum tomato. * Corporal Whitcomb: Corporal Whitcomb it the chaplain’s assistant, and he is later promoted to sergeant. He blames the chaplain for being a roadblock in his career, and tells the CID men that the chaplain was the one signing â€Å"Washington Irving† and who stole Colonel Cathcart’s plume tomato. * â€Å"I threw it away as soon as I tore it open and read it.† (Heller 275) Chapter 21: General Dreedle * Summary: General Dreedle has no tolerance for Yossarian or his son-in-law; however, he does have his own nurse that the men always stare at; irritating General Dreedle. * General Dreedle: General Dreedle is in charge of the wing containing Yossarian’s squadron. General Peckem is always trying to over throw General Dreedle; annoying him tremendously. Chapter 22: Milo the Mayor * Summary: Milo became the mayor of Palermo because he managed to manipulate the economy of Palermo to put them on the map along with Malta, Oran, and Cairo; and, Milo puts Yossarian to work hauling bananas, another of his black market crops. Chapter 23: Nately’s Old Man * Summary: The nasty old man in Rome is the same man who threw the puncturing rose Major de Coverley’s eye, and he believes Italy will triumph over America and Nately argues about his political values. Nately realizes his whore is missing. * Old Man: This old man is a very disgusting old man in Rome. He is the man responsible for throwing the rose that abolished Major de Coverley’s eye. He does not side with the Americans at all, and believes the Italians will be triumphant. This old man is an important character because he is the one who argues with Nately about political beliefs. Chapter 24: Milo * Summary: Milo is so blinded by his want for profit that he will do anything for a profit, such as selling his surplus of Egyptian cotton to the U. S. like Yossarian had suggested. * Milo Minderbinder: Milo is the mess hall officer who creates a colossal black market scandal to bring in vast amounts of profits. He is so successful in dealing with other countries even, that he was elected to several public offices within the countries he dealt with. Milo desires his profit so much that he even makes a deal with the Germans to bomb his own unit for profit. * â€Å"In a democracy, the government is the people.† (Heller 259) Chapter 25: The Chaplain * Summary: The chaplain is a massive pushover that will not stand up for himself and is â€Å"unimportant† to the new Sergeant Whitcomb. * Chaplain A. T. Tappman: Anabaptist minister who is shy and pushed arpund by almost all the officials and even Whitcomb, his assistant. He changes from the beginning on the novel when he is super shy never say anything to the end of the novel when he tells Coronel Cathcart the number of missions are too high and the burst of confidence he received from Yossarian leaving to Sweden. Chapter 26: Aarfy * Summary: Aarfy was on the plane with Yossarian and simply watched Yossarian bleed due to the shot in his thigh rather than helping, but McWatt rushed to help the bleeding captain. * Aarfy: Captain Aardvark is Captain Yossarian’s navigator, however, he has no sense of direction. Aarfy is completely oblivious to the calls of his flight crew for help when Yossarian wounded his leg. He is an ex-fraternity boy who brags about not having to pay for the sex given from the whores in Rome. * â€Å"I don’t think we’re at the target yet. Are we?† (Heller 30) Chapter 27: Nurse Duckett * Summary: Yossarian and Dunbar harass Nurse Duckett and are fussed at, resulting in them being forced to talk to the psychiatrist, Major Sanderson; Yossarian making up diseases as they talk. * Nurse Duckett: Nurse Duckett is a nurse at the hospital Yossarian is staying. She is the â€Å"love of Yossarian’s life† after they have an affair, but she quickly tells Yossarian that she is going to marry a doctor. Chapter 28: Dobbs * Summary: Dobbs created a big scheme to assassinate Coronel Cathcart due to the ridiculous mission requirements rising, but he changes his mind. Orr’s plane went down over the sea on the way to Bologna, faking his death, but his crew and he actually swam safely to shore and escaped to Sweden. * Dobbs: Dobbs was Yossarian’s co-pilot. He is the one who took control of the plane for Huple on the way to Avignon. Chapter 29: Peckem * Summary: General Peckem and Scheisskopf do not get along, but all the men, McWatt, Dunbar, Major Danby, and others, agree that bombing the small mountain town is very vindictive act to do, but Coronel Korn disagrees. * General Peckem: General Peckem is the special operations general who is constantly trying to figure out how to over throw General Dreedle. He finally over throws him, but Lieutenant Scheisskopf is promoted rather than Peckem. Chapter 30: Dunbar * Summary: Dunbar has become crazy from staying in the hospital for so long; falling on his face every morning. Yossarian did not mind McWatt as his pilot, but his foolish act of buzzing the beach sliced Kid Sampson in half. McWatt immediately flew his plane into a nearby mountain; killing himself. * Dunbar: Dunbar is one of Yossarian’s good friends who always manages to cause a scene. He is taken by officials and mysteriously â€Å"disappeared.† Chapter 31: Mrs. Daneeka * Summary: Doc Daneeka was pronounced dead when the plane he was supposed to be on crashed, but despite the fact the squadron knew he was still alive, they sent a letter of condolence to Mrs. Daneeka. Doc Daneeka fought this and sent letters to his wife telling her he was fine, but she loved the money she was receiving for his death more than him; leaving Doc Daneeka unloved and invisible to the men in the squadron. Chapter 32: Yo- Yo’s Roomies * Summary: All of Yossarian’s comrades are either dead or missing, so they are being replaced with new people that are obnoxious and unbearable. Chapter 33: Nately’s Whore * Summary: Yossarian and Nately finally found Nately’s missing whore and convinced the American coronel she was with to give her back, but when Nately brought her home and took care of her, she told him she did not want to stop hustling. * Nately’s Whore: Nately’s whore is a whore that lives in Rome with her little sister in the apartments, but Nately has fallen madly in love with her. She does not like the fact that he tries to control her life; however, when she was heard about Nately’s death from Yossarian, she became vindictive, chasing him around trying to kill him. Chapter 34: Thanksgiving * Summary: The new men in the squadron act recklessly, shooting guns and stabbing each other, but when they wake Yossarian, he goes crazy, badly injured and hospitalized Nately, who was trying to hold him back. Chapter 35: Milo the Militant * Summary: Nately wants to fly more missions so he can be closer to his beloved whore (Yossarian advises him not to volunteer), but Yossarian and Nately were both forced to go on that last mission. There was so much flak, ground fire, that Havermeyer took evasive action, but it was too late; Nately was dead. Chapter 36: The Cellar * Summary: The chaplain was accused of false crimes and took a writing test to prove he was innocent, but they said the test was wrong and he faked his handwriting; leaving the chaplain out of work. Chapter 37: General Scheisskopf * Summary: Peckem believed he was going to fill in as general for Dreedle, but it was discovered that General Scheisskopf was now the heading officer. Chapter 38: Kid Sister * Summary: Yossarian was sent to Rome to relax when he saw Nately’s whore and told her about his death. The whore and her little sister tried killing him and even stalked Yossarian back to Pianosa. * Michela: â€Å"Kid Sister† was Nately’s whore’s twelve year old sister. She constantly imitates her big sister, and follows her everywhere. Chapter 39: The Eternal City * Summary: Yossarian returns to Rome with Milo when they realize the city is in total ruins. Yossarian saw police brutality and drunks all throughout the city, when he saw the 12 year old Michela’s limp body in the street. Yossarian went into the apartment, where Aarfy has raped the young girl and threw her through a window, to tell him he will be arrested for murder, but Yossarian was the one who was arrested, brought back to Coronel Korn, and is told â€Å"go home.† Chapter 40: Catch 22 * Summary: General Scheisskopf and Peckem agreed to send Yossarian home as long as he talked gallantly of them or he would be court marshaled and arrested. Nately’s whore wanted to throw all of her anger at Yossarian, so she took out her wrath by stabbing him when he left the conference. Chapter 41: Snowden * Summary: Yossarian is in surgery, but afterwards he speaks with the chaplain to learn that Hungry Joe had died in his sleep and this begins to trigger the memories of Snowden’s fatal death and his attempt to try and mend his wounded leg, but he gets a lap full of his guts. * Snowden: Snowden was a gunner on the Avignon mission. His death haunts Yossarian throughout the entire novel because it was much worse than he thought it was; spilling guts everywhere. His death killed Yossarian’s courage and gave him a taste of what war really is. Chapter 42: Yossarian * Summary: Major Danby explains the deal is coming along nicely, but Yossarian is going to run away because he had realized that Orr had faked his death to escape the war, as Yossarian does by fleeing to Sweden with Orr. * Yossarian: Yossarian is the novel’s protagonist and hero. He is a captain in the Air Force and a lead bombardier in his squadron, but he hates the war. He believes that everyone is out to kill him, including his own squadron. He is haunted by Snowden’s death. The settings play a major role in all the madness within this novel as well. The two main settings are Pianosa, an island off the coast of Italy, and Rome, Italy in 1944. Joseph Heller could have created any size island he wanted, but he chose to put all of this action on a tiny island. Pianosa is a fictional island that is very small because the size of the island contradicts the large amount of action going on in the novel. Located on the island of Pianosa is the squadron’s base camp, where a lot of the trouble is started. Another major setting in this novel is the air. The planes were always in the air for a mission, and the air is where all the bombs were. Also, the soldiers would often take leave and go to Rome and stay in apartments with the whores. Rome was normal looking until one day Yossarian and Milo go to Rome and it is all in ruins. This time period was 1944, during World War II. The time sequences between all these settings are very disjointed. In the beginning of the novel Yossarian is faking a liver disease when he begins to have flashbacks to Snowden’s death, and the novel jumps before Snowden’s death to after Snowden’s death throughout the whole novel. The time frame of the events going on are at the end of WWII and in the summer of 1944- the winter of 1944 and a flash back to 1942. The main conflict that is tossed throughout the entire book is Catch 22 itself. Within several of the chapters, a catch 22 will appear. The main catch is that of Catch 22. It seemed as though it was Yossarian against the military. Every time Yossarian finds a loop hole, his commanding officers would just tell him to go back to his missions. Yossarian just could not win. When Yossarian was in the hospital with his â€Å"liver disease†, he was forced to go back out to the missions again. He cannot win. Many people cannot stand Yossarian and want him dead. His other main conflict is that it is everyone else against him. These two conflicts intertwine because Yossarian is still fighting for something. Without his life, the military would not have anything to control, so Yossarian’s conflicts go together because without one, the other would not happened. The two climaxes in the novel happen simultaneously. The first occurs when Yossarian is offered a choice: he can either face a court martial or be sent home and talk good about his commanding officers. The second climax, however, occurs as Yossarian has his final flashback about Snowden’s death in which all details are revealed. Yossarian has had a rough life in the military and absolutely hated it with everything he had. The worst experience he has had was the gruesome death of his comrade, Snowden.